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臉有何限制？
顏面外科手術、顏面重建及美容如何影響人們對自己的觀感？這個單元探討顏面手術、顏面假體的歷史與發展以及改變我們外貌的新興科技。
世上每年會進行數以百萬計的美容整形手術。韓國拔佔頭籌，一年約有五十萬起。在英國，政府出資提供顏面重建手術以幫助因先天、意外、暴力事件、癌症或其他因素導致毀容的兒童及成人。
顏面重建外科手術歷來已久，其考慮的因素除了人命安危之外，還有恢復身體功能，並兼顧外表的美觀。美容整形手術的源頭可以追溯回古代歷史（希臘文plasto，即英文美容整形手術plastic surgery之字源，有整塑、鑄型之意）。早在西元前六百年，一位印度外科醫師便用一小塊頰肉來重塑鼻子；到了西元一千年，便已有鼻整形術了(用前額皮膚塑鼻的外科手術)。
到了十九世紀，消毒、輸血和麻醉技術的發展讓美容整形手術更加安全，也更少疼痛。二十世紀的戰爭使得科學及外科技術突飛猛進；至二十世紀末期，外科在藝術與美感方面的技術已經進入純整容階段。
在二十一世紀初期的今天，由於組織移植、顯微手術的技術和顏面解剖學日益精進，外科醫師宣稱臉部移植已不再是科幻小說中的情節，而是一項外科醫學可能達成的任務，它可用於幫助例如因嚴重燒燙傷所引起之毀容等。
不斷創新的顏面重建手術科技如何影響我們每一個人的外觀，還有文化定義上的身分認知？它會不會只是流於美容目的？新興醫療發展是否會以全臉再造來取代只是以修復臉部原有架構的顏面重建？是否會有新一代具超級功能的臉孔，就像現行機械式的肢體延伸裝置一般？
What are the limits of the face?
How do facial surgery, reconstruction and enhancement affect how people think about themselves? This section looks at the history and development of facial surgery, face prostheses and the new technologies for changing our facial appearance.
Millions of cosmetic operations are performed around the world each year. Korea has the highest number in the world, with around half a million operations performed a year. In Britain reconstructive surgery is also funded by the government to rebuild the faces of children and adults with facial disfigurements from birth, accidents, violence, cancer and other causes.
Reconstructive surgeons have been concerned from early history with saving lives as well as restoring physical functioning and aesthetic appearance. The origins of plastic surgery (from the Greek plastos, meaning framed, moulded, modeled) go back far into history. As early as 600BC a Hindu surgeon reconstructed a nose by using a piece of cheek, and by AD 1000 rhinoplasty (nose surgery using skin from the forehead) was being performed.
In the nineteenth century, developments in antisepsis, blood transfusion and anaesthesia made plastic surgery safer and less painful. The twentieth century's wars produced huge strides in the science and the skills of surgeons - and towards the end of that century, the surgeons' artistic and aesthetic skills extended their remit into the purely cosmetic.
Now, as the twenty-first century dawns and as tissue transplants, micro-surgical skills and anatomical knowledge of the face develop, surgeons are claiming that face transplants can move out of the realm of science fiction to being a surgical possibility for those with very severe disfigurements, after burn injuries, for example.
How will the emerging technologies of reconstructive surgery affect the facial appearances of each one of us and cultural perceptions of identity? Will they be suborned for cosmetic purposes? Will new medical advances result in entire faces being rebuilt, rather than reconstructing what is already there? Will there be a new generation of super-functional faces like current robotic extensions of the body?
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